Model Auxilary Verbs Sem 2

Model Auxilary Verbs Sem 2

What Are Modal Auxiliary Verbs?

Modal auxiliary verbs are used to show a necessity, capability, willingness, or possibility. Unlike most verbs, there is only one form of these verbs. Typically, verb forms change to indicate whether the sentence's structure is singular or plural. Most verbs also indicate whether something happened in the past, present, or future. This is not the case with most modal auxiliary verbs, which makes them simpler to understand and use correctly.

 

Examples of Modal Auxiliary Verbs

So, now that we understand the purpose of modal auxiliary verbs, let's take a look at some of the common ones you may see in writing. The modal auxiliary verbs include:

Can

Could

May

Might

Must

Ought

Shall

Should

Will

Would

It's important to note that these verbs can also indicate the negative: could not, may not, should not, etc.

Indicating Past Tense

Since modal auxiliary verbs do not have a past tense form, we can use the modal auxiliary along with the word 'have' and a past participle. Past participles typically end in -d, -ed, -n, or -en, creating the past tense 'wished, looked, taken,' and so forth. Let's take a look at an example in the present tense.

Let's say I'm at the store in the produce section:

I should buy another pound of potatoes.

 

DO YT YOURSELF

Use modal verbs where possible. If a modal verb can't be used with a certain tense, use its substitute.

You (must) __________ get up early tomorrow

You (not / need __________ call a baby sitter.

We (may) __________ watch the film tonight.

He (not / can) __________ see me yesterday.

She (must) __________ stay at school yesterday afternoon.

(may / you)  __________ go to the disco yesterday?

He (not / must) __________ sleep now.

You (not / need) __________ answer.

He (ought to) __________ give evidence at the court yesterday.

Since he bought the new car he (not / can) __________  sleep.

 

Answers

You must  get up early tomorrow.

You need not  call a baby sitter.

We may  watch the film tonight.

He could not  see me yesterday.

She had to  stay at school yesterday afternoon.

Were you allowed to  go to the disco yesterday?

He must not  sleep now.

You need not  answer.

He was supposed to  give evidence at the court yesterday.

Since he bought the new car he has not been able to  sleep.

 

1. Auxiliaries, Modals and Main verbs

be, have and do can be auxiliaries and main verbs. They have grammatical functions and are used for forming tenses, questions, the passive, etc.

Modals are can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would and need (need can also be a main verb).

Examples:

We can play football.

We could play football.

We may play football.

We might play football.

We must play football.

We mustn't play football.

We needn't play football.

We ought to play football.

We shall play football.

We should play football.

We will play football.

We would play football.

 

2. What to keep in mind when using modals

Explanation	Sample sentences
Do not use modals for things which happen definitely.	The sun rises in the east. - A modal can't be used in this sentence.
They have no -s in the 3rd person singular.	He can play football.
Questions are formed without do/does/did.	Can he speak Spanish?
It follows a main verb in its infinitive.	They must read the book.
There are no past forms (except could and would).	He was allowed to watch the film.
When you use the past participle you tell about things which did not happen in the past.	You should have told me.

 

3. Long and contracted forms of modals

Affirmative		Negative
Long forms	Contracted forms	Long forms	Contracted forms
can	--	cannot	can't
could	--	could not	couldn't
may	--	may not	--
might	--	might not	--
ought to	--	ought not to	oughtn't to
need	--	need not	needn't
shall	'll	shall not	shan't
should	'd	should not	shouldn't
will	'll	will not	won't
would	'd	would not	wouldn't

 

2.      Degrees Of Comparsion

Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.

They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.

Let us see all of them one by one.
1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.
Examples:
• This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house" is talked about.
• He is a tall student.
• This flower is beautiful.
• He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.

The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is...
2. Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger" is comparative version of the term “big".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
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b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative) This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive) The term “more beautiful" is comparative version of the term “beautiful". Both these sentences convey the same meaning. c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative) He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive) The term “more intelligent" is comparative version of the term “intelligent". Both these sentences convey the same meaning. d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative) He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive) The term “taller" is comparative version of the term “tall". Both these sentences convey the same meaning. When we compare more than two persons or things with one another, We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees. Examples: a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative) This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative) No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive) The term “biggest" is the superlative version of the term “big". All the three sentences mean the same meaning. b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative) This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative) No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative) The term “most beautiful" is the superlative version of the term “beautiful". All the three sentences mean the same meaning. c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative) He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative) No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive) The term “most intelligent" is superlative version of the term “intelligent". Both these sentences convey the same meaning. d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative) He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative) No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive) The term “tallest" is superlative version of the term “tall".

*Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs*

*Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons*

He is the tallest student in the class.
The term “tallest" is an adjective.
Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.
The term “effectively" is an adverb.
All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs.
We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.

Let us see their models.
Model -1: “The best":
Examples:
i. This is the best hotel in this area.
No other hotel is as better as this on in this area.
No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.
ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.
Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.
No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.

Model-2: “One of the best":
Examples:
i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India.
Calcutta is large than most other cities in India.
Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.
ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.
Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world.
No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.

Model-3: “Not the best":
Examples:
i. This is not the best solution to the problem.
ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.
iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.
ii. New York is not the largest city in America.
New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.
Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “more" before them.
And their superlative terms, by getting “most" before them.
Examples:
Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful
Effective……….more effective………most effective
Effectively………more effectively……….most effectively
Enjoyable………….more enjoyable……….most enjoyable
Useful……………….more useful………..most useful
Different………..more different…………most different
Honest………..more honest…………..most honest
Qualified…………more qualified…………most qualified
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “er" after them and their superlative terms, by getting “est" after them.
Examples:
Hard……………..harder……………..hardest
Big……………….bigger…………….biggest
Tall……………..taller……………tallest
Long………………longer………………longest
Short……………..shorter……………….shortest
Costly…………………costlier……………costliest
Simple………………….simpler………….simplest

Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.